Te Mārama ki te Hanga Tukutuku: Ngā Momo mō ngā Huarahi me ngā Witi

He aha te take e muarangi ai te Tukutuku mō te Tautuku Huarahi me te Witi

Ngā Rōlolo Matua mō te Takotoranga Witi, ngā Aratohenga, me te Whakauru Mātātoko

Ko ngā paraka hinu e tuku ana i ētahi vanteki motuhake mō ētahi hiahia matua i te waka. Ina whakamahia mō ngā takotoranga arawhata, ka pēra rawa te tauwaenga o te tauwaenga ki te 40% i te nui ake i ngā papahiko paraihe katoa ina raupatuhia ki ngā papahiko paraihe noa. Ka nui ake te manawa o te hanganga katoa engari anuanu tonu kia taea ai te tino taraiwa i runga i ngā roa rereke. Ko ngā takotoranga arawhata he wero anō nā te mea ko ēnei ngā wāhi e hono ana ngā ara ki ngā hanganga tikira. Kei konei, ko te paraka e tinihanga ana ki te korarora (e whakarāpopotia ana e te itiwhi hau kapua e mahi ana ki ngā paerewa ASTM A123) e tū ana pea ake ki te marorihanga o te tinihu me te rere o te wai. Kua ripoata ngā tima tiaki i te penapena i te 35% i ngā utu tiaki i te wā i te waenganui i tēnei atunoho. Āniania hoki ngā ara haere tangata. Ko te āhua tuwaho o te paraka e āwhina ana i te waihanga i ngā āhuatanga e ōrite ana ki ngā here o ADA i te wā e tuku ana i te waimanu ki te rere atu ki waho. Ka taea e ngā tangata e haere ana i raro i te kite i te ātaahua e toro mai ana, ā, ko te mata e hoahoa ana kia kore ai e patuki, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā karu kapi, i ngā kiriuta rānei e tāwhai ana i te 0.5 o te here OSHA. Ko ngā whakamātau i te ao e whakaatu nei he mea hou: ka roa ake te paraka hinu itiwhi i te 20 tau ki te mahi, i te mea ko ngā putanga kāore i te itiwhi e tīmata ana te hinga i rēira i waenganui i te 5 ki te 7 tau ki te whakahaere.

Rangonui ki te Whakapapa, Whakatārewa, me ng Tīmataka Haumārū AASHTO

Ngā painga o te whakapae e ū ana ki ā wā anō i pono ai ngā tohunga haumarutanga waka: te tango i te wai mai i ngā mata, te pupū ake i te wehe o ngā waewae, me te whiwhi i ngā tauākī hoahoa mōtahi ā-motu e kōrerorero ana katoa. Ko te ara i hangaia ai ia ki ngā ruarua ka rere te wai atu i te 30% tere ake i ngā mata kāoi, he nui te take ina maroke ngā huarahi i te wera. Ka hangaia e ngā kaihanga ngā pae pai trangahia ngā arai manawa motuhake, i runga rānei i te taunekeneke parurenga ki runga, ā, ka whakamatauria ēnei mea ki te here o OSHA mō te iti rawa 0.5 hautanga tuarangi. Mō ngā arawhata, me whakauru te katoa o te whakapae hanganga ki ēnei whakamatautau AASHTO mō te roa o te ora me te tautoko i ngā utu taumaha, ko ētahi ka tirohia e ētahi tira tuatoru mā te waro i ngā tauira i te wā hiato. Anō hoki, nā te taiapa kei waenganui i ngā pou, ka taea e ngā kaimātai te kitea ngā mea e hāngai nei ki raro i te takotoranga me ngā tautoko, e arataki ana te FHWA mō ngā tirotiro arawhata noa. E hāngai ana tēnei katoa sia kia mau ai te haumarutanga, kia pakari ai hoki te moni i te wā roa.

Te Whakatauira i ngā Momo Piriti Taumaha mō ngā Tāka i runga i ngā Ine

Te Piriti Hui, te Piriti Perapera, me te Piriti Whakarāpae Rino: Ngā Tauwhitinga o te Kaha, te Uaua, me te Whakaurunga

Ngā momo porowhita hiko e rite ana ki te hiko kua tahuna, kua pakaru, me te kaukau kua pakaru e āki ana i ngā wāhi pūmahara e hāngai ana ki te momo taimaha e hiahiatia ana, ki te āhua māmā o te whakauru, me te roa o te ora. Ko te porowhita kua tahuna he mea hakinakina rawa atu nā te mea kua honoa ngā pou ki ngā tūmu. Ka pai ai mō ngā wāhanga matua o ngā arawhata e haere mai ana ngā taraka taumaha me ō rātou taimahatia H-20 arawhata. He rerekē te ara o te porowhita kua pakaru. Ka pakaru ia mā te whakamahi i te hydrauhiki ka taea ai e ngā kaimahi te whakauru tere ake i te marae. Ka heke te wā mahi ki te haurua mō te nuinga o ngā tikanga, engari kāore te huarahi e hono ana i te nekeneke ina e huri ana ngā taimaha i ngā tātaitanga rerekē. Ko te porowhita kaukau kua pakaru ka torotoro ngā pou waewae ki roto i ngā waru ka hangaia ki reira anō. Ka tīmata ai tētahi whakahaere ārai mōrearea pai ake, ā, ka taea hoki e ia te whakauru ki ngā mata e kore nei e tino maroke, he mea nui tēnei ina whakauru ana. I tētahi rangahau hou mai i te Rūnanganui Ararau Kāwanatanga Kātata, i kitea ko ngā whakaurunga kaukau kua pakaru i iti ai te wā totoka o ngā arawhata karaka 35% mō te nuinga i ngā punaha tahuna tuku iho nā te mea ka tere ake te whakauru me te kore e hiahiatia tinihanga mō te mutunga.

Huihuinga i ngā Paerewa AASHTO H-20 me HL-93: Whakamātautau Mōhio Tūmatanui

Me nui ake te katoa o ngā rāpoi taumaha mō te whakamahi motokā i ngā here AASHTO H-20 (16,000 kg waeine uta) me ngā hiahia HL-93 (tīma hoahoa pakuhi tāwhai tāruarua). Te whakamātautau takotoranga takawaenga ā-hohipera e ai ki ASTM A123/A123M-22 e whakapumautia ana ngā tapa mahi me te whakahaere whakarohe:

I whakamahia te taputapu ā-tūrua i runga i ngā tūrua tāpoi maha ka whakapumautia ko te paraihe kua pouaka kaua e iti ake i te 0.01" i muri i te nuinga i te 10 miriona huringa arawhata—ka whakapumautia te pumau o te āhua roa atu i ngā tauira theori.

Te Paraihe FRP i te Wiri: Te Māia ki te Korero ki te Roa o te Pūtanga

Kua tū ake te rāpoi FRP i ngā wāhi e noho ana te kohuke, he mea nui rawa tērā ki ngā tiriti tai, ngā wāhi e whakamahia ana ngā mātai kāore e rere, me ngā mea katoa e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha wai parurenga. E kore te hiko kāritu e taea te whakaekea i te mea e taea ana e FRP te āki ki ngā ion khlorīti, ngā tātai, ngā mea kiko kiko e kitea ana i te katoa o ngā wāhi. Kāore hoki he raruraru porutu, ka iti ake ngā utu tiaki tata ki te 40% i runga i te wā i ēnei taiao uaua. Nō reira i te pūkaha o tēnei mea, e mōhiotia ana e ngā inihini e mōhiotia ana e FRP mō ngā ara tamaru i runga i ngā tiriti, ngā takotoranga runga i ngā kōpae, ngā paparanga e whakaae ana ki ngā tūanuku panonitanga, tae atu ki aua wāhanga tuarua o ngā tiriti e pakaru ana te hiko noa i ngā tau engari kihai i ngā tekau mā waru.

Kei te tautohe pea ngā whakaritenga o te hanganga i konei. Ko te āhuatanga pakari o te FRP e rite ana ki te rima kia tahi whatianga o te nui o te paraihe, arā ka hiahia ngā mātanga hinonga kia whakamahi i ngā wāhanga iti ake, i ngā pou e pā atu ana ki te tētahi ki te tētahi mēnā e hiahia ana rātou ki te whakahaere i te takotoranga ōrite ina heke ana ki ngā kāwiri e neke haere ana. Ina tū ake te wā ki te tirotiro i te pēhea e mau ai ēnei matū i te wā, me titiro ngā mātanga hinonga ki te mātauranga ki te mamae, ki te āhuatanga hōua hoki, he mea nui ina tāpirihia ngā waeonga FRP ki ngā hinonga paraihe tawhito i hangaia mō ngā matū kua pakari ake. Ko tētahi rerekētanga nui mai i te paraihe ko te ara e mate ai te FRP. Engari i te toronga kotahi me te paraihe, ka māmātia te FRP. Ka tīmata ki te mata ka piko haere ki te pākiwaitara i muri i te roa o te tūranga i te rā, ka whai muri ngā karuwha iti haere ina pāngia ana te matū ki ngā wehi e hoki haere ana i ia rā.

Whāinga Mahi: Ngā Arotake Matua

Kōwhiria te rāpoi FRP mō ngā elemeni tuarangi e here ana ki te kōhurutanga—pērā i ngā awapaunga hononga panonitanga, ngā ara tapiri, me te whakauru taiwhenua—ka wātea ai ngā ratonga inije i rīwha mō ngā herenga matua e uta ana, pērā i ngā paparanga tiriti me ngā paparanga tata ki ngā wāhi e pa ana te uta H-20 marino.

Anga Whakaaetanga: Ngā Paerewa, Ngā Tāpiripiri, me ngā Taipitopito ā-Rawara

Te hurihanga i te ASTM A123 (Kōpae Tarutaru), A1011 (Tēpu Hōia), me EN 14321 (FRP) mō te whakamahi i te ara tere

Ko te whiriwhiri i te arai tika mō ngā huarahi me ngā paringa e noho pū ana ki te āki ai i tētahi tūtohi here here e aro atu ana ki ngā matapara, te kaha o te hanganga, me ngā hiahia mahi motuhake e hāngai ana ki te whakamahinga. Me whai ngā arai māparu i ētahi arataki. Ko te ASTM A123 te arataki e whakarātonga ana i ngā here whenua mo te rahi o te kōpae pōturi-kaimoana, kei te 3.9 mil, nui ake rānei i te 100 microns ina heke ana ki ngā taiao pīrangi. Ko tētahi atu arataki matua ko te ASTM A1011 e whakaatu ana i ngā mea e taea ana e te māparu turuturu, e āta tirotiro ana i te kaha taraiwa o te nekehanga 50 ksi, me te kaha tuarākau e nui ake rānei i te 30 ksi. Ina tāwhai ana ki ngā arai FRP, kei ētahi tikanga rerekē hei arataki. Me whai iā EN 14321 ngā arai huinga e pā ana ki te āhua o te pekeretanga, me te mahi e whakarātonga ana ki ngā kaupapa a AASHTO HL-93. Anō, me ngā harore UV āhuatia motuhake ēnei arai huinga mēnā ka mau tonu ki waho kāore ai i te porihia i te wā roa.

Ko ngā paraka here ki te takotoranga tūmatanui me whai whakamātau ā-taha tuarua ki ngā paerewa AASHTO. Ka mōhiotia ēnei whakamātau anō i te māmā o te kapa umanga—ka mōhiotia hoki te rerekētanga o te matēria i ngā pānga e hāngai ana, te pupuri i ngā hononga i te wā, me te āki ki te āhua iti ake i te pānga tonu. Hei anō hoki ngā ture mō ngā wāhi katoa. Mō ngā arawhata e pātata ana ki ngā huarahi, me ū ki te P4, ki te P5 rānei i ngā paerewa herekore mai i te BS 7976 ngā paraka here. Mā te P3 pea te haere mō ngā huarahi tāone, ā, ko ngā kaupapa tai moana me ngā whakamātau motuhake ki te korairaka kākāriki e ai ki ngā aratohu ASTM B117. Ko ngā whakaritenga katoa nei e hanga ana i tētahi punaha e noho tonu ana te haumātauranga ahakoa ngā tau e huri haere ana ngā āhuarangi, me te nuinga o ngā takotoranga. Ka mōhio ngā inijeita tēnei he mea nui, nā, kāore rawa e hiahia koutou kia kitea ngā pakanga e tipu ana i te wā roa ināianei i te tīmatatanga i ngā tāpiripiri tika.