Ngā Pūnaha Rere Mātātoko: Te Tūtohu Mātātoko

He aha te Ara Tūhono Ahi? Te Tauwhāinga, Te Kaupapa, me te Āhuatanga Whakahaere

Ko ngā wahi putanga ahi hei ara tatau mō te wā ka porotoko ngā kuwaha matua i ngā wā pāngaia. Heoi anō, hangaia ki ngā ataamira, ngā perepere, i te wāhi takotoranga rānei ēnei hanganga kia noho haumaru ai ngā tāngata mā te tuku i ngā ara arai i waho ake i ngā huarahi o roto. Ko ngā tikanga e whakahaere ana i ēnei mai i ētahi pūtake matua pērā i te Kaupapa Haumaru Oranga NFPA 101 e mōhiotia ana mō te maha o ngā tāngata e taea ana te puta atu me ngā matapae e whakamahia ana, te upunga 10 IBC e whakaatu ana i ngā hiahia hoahoa tūtohu mō ngā moma hanganga rerekē, me ngā ture OSHA 1910.36 ki te 37 e pā ana ki te whakahaerenga tika i ngā putanga wāhi mahi. Ko te rangahau ki te haumaru ahi e whakaatu ana ko ngā whare e whakahaere ana i ngā huarahi putanga tuarua e neke ai te wā puta, i ētahi wā he haurua pea i ngā take nui. Anō he aha i te tika o te whakauru i ēnei punaha, me mātau hoki ngā kaitiaki whare i ngā paewhenua hou e huri haere nei ahakoa kei te whare, kei te toihana, i te whare kamupene rānei rātou.

Te Whai mātai i te Rere Mātau ahi: Te Āwhina ki ngā Rawaenganga o NFPA 101, IBC, me OSHA

Ko te whai mātai i te rere mātau ahi e tiaki ana i te ora i ngā wā takotoria. Me arataki ngā kairangi me ngā kaiwhakahaere haumarutanga i roto i ēnei tūranga e toru: te Kaupapa Haumaru Oranga o NFPA 101, te Kaupapa Hanga Ahumoana (IBC), me ngā paerewa o OSHA 1910.36–37. Ko ngā mōrearea he mōrearea nui—ka pāngia te oranga o te mahi e 22 tangata ia tau (OSHA 2023), i te wā e 740k te utu toharite mō te kore whai mātai (Ponemon 2023).

Te Kaupapa Haumaru Oranga o NFPA 101: Te Whānui Rere, Te Mātauranga, me ngā Tīmataka Hanganga mō te Rere Mātau ahi

Ko te tikanga NFPA 101 e whakarātō ana i ngā here e pā ana ki te whānui o ngā ara putaake, ā, ko te maha o ngā tāngata e hiahiatia ana ki tētahi wāhi te take. Hei tauira ngā ataata: mēnā ka mahi mō te nuinga ake i te rima tekau, e manaaki ana te ture kia iti noa i te waru tekau mā whā ōrau (44 ineti) o te wāhi weto mo te haerenga haumaru. Ko ētahi atu korero hoki he nui. Ko ngā tikanga e arotahi ana ki te tawhiti e taea ai te haere i mua i te tūnga ki tētahi putanga, me te aha rānei te momo aukati ahi e hiahiatia ana i ngā punaha tautoko o ngā whare. Me tautoko hoki ngā matapara e tino īkai ana i ngā whakamātau kikokiko. Me mau tonu rātou i ngā wāhi nunui e eke ana ki te mano darāti Faheranahei i te haurua haora tūpoto kia taea ai te tuunga tonu o ngā hanganga kia puta ake ai ngā tāngata katoa haumarutia. He nui ake ngā ture nei nā te mea ka aukati i ngā pakanga kino e hāngai mai ana i te wā e nui ana te wā i ngā wā takotoria.

Takitimu 10 IBC vs. OSHA 1910.36–37: Ngā Rerekē Matua i te Hoahoa Whakangao ahi me te Whakahaere

Ko te upoko 10 o te International Building Code e whakatakoto ana i ngā here mo ngā kaupapa hanganga hou, e kōrero hoki mā te āhuatanga ko ngā ara tūturu me māmaia i te rima ngā wā ake i te taumaha o te tangata e noho ana (ko te 100 pauna pea ia waewae tapawhā e noho ana). Mō ngā whare e pā ana, ka uru mai ngā tikanga OSHA 1910.36 ki te 37, ā, ka whakaae ki te aronga ki ngā paerewa NFPA 101, i te International Fire Code rānei. He aha te mea e wehe nei i ēnei ara e rua? E hiahia ana te IBC kia tiakina ngā hanganga e ia tau e ngā inijiniara tohua, engari ko te nuinga o te whakaaro a OSHA ko te tiaki kia pai ngā ara putanga, me te mōhio o ngā kaimahi ki te ara putanga haumaru i ngā wā takotoranga. Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga matua he mea ko OSHA e tuku ana i ētahi whakaritenga mō ngā kaiwhakahaere whare ina āhua paku ake ngā whakahou i ngā pūnaha tawhito, engari e here ana te IBC i ngā whare hou kia ū ki ngā paerewa marino ki ngā rū whenua, ki te huaki rānei i te wā.

Ngā Matua Here o te Hoahoa Rere Mātā: Te Pakanga, Te Whakauru, me ngā Āhuatanga Tangata

Te Taea Tāpoi, Te Manawaroa ki te Koroi, me ngā Paerewa Mātai mō te Rere Mātā Waho

Me whakangāhau kaha ngā rere mātā waho kia taea ai te wehe haerenga o te tangata i te wā kotahi, pērā hoki me ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rangi e makū ana, e parurenga ana, me ngā kīmikara kei te hau. Me arataki ki ngā tohutohu ASTM A123/A123M ngā mātai e whakamahia ana mō te hiri tōpahi, i te taraiwa rānei e taea ai te tāpoi o te pauna 100 ia waewae tapawhā e ai ki ngā ture whare. Ka pā atu te roa o ngā hanganga ina whakamahia ngā karapoti manawaroa ki te ahi. He mea nui anō hoki te tirotiro i ēnei punanga noa i te wā. E ai ki te rangahau NIST i te 2022, kotahi ki ia ono o ngā raru pakanga he take nui ko ngā raru koroi hutihuti. Marautia ēnei raru i ngā wāhi hononga o ngā wāhanga e rua, ko reira hoki te wāhi e tipu ai te toki, ā, koianei hoki te wāhi e kohia ai te wai i te wā.

Ahunga Tatauranga, Teitei o te Rāranga Ringa, me ngā Whakaaro mō te Whakauru e Tiaki ana i te ADA

Ko te whiwhi i te hoahoa ata tika mō ngā patapata he kimi i te wāhi tika kia taea ai e ngā tāngata te wehe pū, ā, kia tiakina hoki rātou i ngā putanga. Me noho i te 7 ki te 11 ōrau (neke atu i te 178 ki te 279 mm) te roa o ngā tapa, ā, kaua hoki te nui ake i te koiri ōrau te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā tapa. Me noho i te 4 ki te 7 ōrau (penei 102 ki te 178 mm) ngā tuarā e pa ana ki ngā paerewa OSHA. Mō ngā rākau māwhiti, me rua ngā teitei e hiahiatia ana: pērā i te 34 ki te 38 ōrau (864 ki te 965 mm) mō ngā pakeke, ā, me ngā poto ake i te 28 ki te 32 ōrau (711 ki te 813 mm) mō ngā tamariki e whakaaturia ana i ngā arataki ADA. Ki te kore e taea e ngā ture hanganga te whakauru i ngā ara parirau nā te itinga wāhi, ka pai ngā tūnga tūmomo e tohua ana mō te 300 pauna (pērā i te 136 kg) mō te urupare arotā. Ā, kaua hoki te wareware i ērā ara putaiao—me nui ake i te 28 ōrau (711 mm) kia taea ai te neke haere o te hunga iti kāore ai rātou e pakaru pū ana e pā ana te take putanga.

Te Tūāpui Whakamahinga: Whakamārama, Tohu, Tiaki, me ngā Mahi Whakawātea

Whakamārama ā-Tūmatanui, Ngā Tohu Pōhara Hiko, me ngā Paerewa Mōhio Mārama ki ngā Tohu Putanga

Ina heke te hiko, me timata te mārama tūmatanui ki roto i te wā o te 10 hēkona e ai ki ngā paerewa haumaru a NFPA 101 me ngā tikanga a OSHA. Me hoatu e ngā rama tītāhua kia iti noa ki te kotahi te waero-pāwhara o te mārama i te tōpito katoa o ia ara putanga mō te 90 meneti atu. Kāore e taea te takahi i ngā tohu putanga i hea rānei, ā, me kitea tō rātou mārama ahakoa ko wai te wāhi e tu ana tētahi tangata. He mea matua nui ngā matū photoluminescent hei tohu i ngā tapa me ngā rāranga ina ngaro katoa atu anō i te ahi ina pāngia e te auau. Mahi ana ēnei tohu motuhake trānuitia i te mārama o te rā, i te mārama o roto rānei i te rā katoa kia mārama ai hoki i te wā kāore he hiko. Mō ngā take whakaurunga e ai ki ngā aratohu ADA, me neke atu i te ono iniha te teitei o ngā reta ki runga i ēnei tohu, ā, me pupuri i te āhua pai o te tae i waenganui i te kupu me te papamuri. Ko ngā tirotiro whakaritenga, kei te tirohia hoki rātou, kei te ine hoki i te mārama ake, ka āwhina ki te whakapono kua tutuki katoa ngā here.

Ngā Tahakupu Tiaki Whakamua me ngā Tikanga Arotake Ā-Tau mō te Arataki Mātātoko ahi

Tautuhia he tahakupu tiaki e whai ana i te arotake i ngā rama pāwhara kia kotahi anō te wā ia marama, te rapu i ngā tohu mārurenga i ngā wāhanga matua e whā ngā wā ia tau, me ngā arotake mātātoa e ngā tohunga i te arataki mātātoko ahi katoa tētahi wā ia tau. Ina haere ana ngā arotake ā-tau nei, whakapā mai ki te pēhea o te kaha o ngā mea hei tāraiwa, me pēhea te piri tonu o ngā karu, me ngā tohu mārurenga, īt particularly ki ngā wāhi hononga nā reira hāunga ngā raru. Pūmahia ngā mea katoa i kitea i ngā arotake ki tētahi wāhi kia taea ai te whai mō whatianga me pānuitia. Hāunga iho, whakahaeretia ngā mātātoko mātātoa ia toru marama kia toru anō ngā wā, kia kitea ai e te tangata ināianei ka taea te wehe, engari kia āhua hoki ngā wāhi e here ana i ngā ara, me te āwhina i te katoa kia mahara i hea ngā putanga. Kei te tutuki tēnei momo kaupapa i ngā paerewa a NFPA 101, IBC Pēpiha 10, me ngā tikanga OSHA 1910.36-37, engari kei te taha atu i te whakaaetanga tuhinga, kei te pupuri pono i te haumaru o ngā whare ina tū mai ngā raru pono.